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@ -60,6 +60,15 @@ This project was implemented in Python. To use the project, all packages listed
- Start exploring signal processing - Start exploring signal processing
### Data cleaning
The following criteria were checked to ensure data quality:
- Number of data records that did not specify gender
- Number of data sets that did not specify an age
- Number of data records in which the signal length deviates from 5000 (10 seconds * 500 Hz)
- Number of data records that could not be read in
### Demographic plots ### Demographic plots
#### Histogram #### Histogram
@ -89,9 +98,15 @@ The exact procedure for creating the matrix can be found in the notebook [demogr
The following two hypotheses were applied in this project: The following two hypotheses were applied in this project:
- Using ECG data, a classifier can classify the four disease groupings with an accuracy of 80%. 1. Using ECG data, a classifier can classify the four disease groupings with an accuracy of 80%.
- Sinus bradycardia occurs significantly more frequently in the 60 to 70 age group than in other age groups. The first hypothesis will be tested at the end of the Project...
Result:
- coming soon...
2. Sinus bradycardia occurs significantly more frequently in the 60 to 70 age group than in other age groups.
The second hypothesis was tested for significance using the chi-square test. The detailed procedure can be found in the following notebook: [statistics.ipynb](notebooks/statistics.ipynb) The second hypothesis was tested for significance using the chi-square test. The detailed procedure can be found in the following notebook: [statistics.ipynb](notebooks/statistics.ipynb)
@ -101,14 +116,15 @@ Result:
- The first value returned is the Chi-Square Statistic that shows the difference between the observed and the expected frequencies. Here, a bigger number indicates a bigger difference. The p-value shows the probability of this difference being statistically significant. If the p-value is below the significance level of 0.05, the difference is significant. - The first value returned is the Chi-Square Statistic that shows the difference between the observed and the expected frequencies. Here, a bigger number indicates a bigger difference. The p-value shows the probability of this difference being statistically significant. If the p-value is below the significance level of 0.05, the difference is significant.
- The Chi-Square Statistic for sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 compared to the other age groups, is a value that shows whether there is a significant difference in the frequency of sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 in comparison to the other age groups. If the p-value is smaller than the significance level of 0.05, the difference in the frequency between the age group 60-70 and the other age groups is significant. - The Chi-Square Statistic for sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 compared to the other age groups, is a value that shows whether there is a significant difference in the frequency of sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 in comparison to the other age groups. If the p-value is smaller than the significance level of 0.05, the difference in the frequency between the age group 60-70 and the other age groups is significant.
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The significant appearance of sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 could be caused by multiple factors. The significant appearance of sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 could be caused by multiple factors.
In this case the physiological age could play a huge factor. The sinus node continuously generates electrical impulses, thus setting the normal rhythm and rate in a healthy heart. With increasing age, the sinus node becomes less responsive which leads to a slower heart rate of 60 bpm or less. In this case the physiological age could play a huge factor. The sinus node continuously generates electrical impulses, thus setting the normal rhythm and rate in a healthy heart. With increasing age, the sinus node becomes less responsive which leads to a slower heart rate of 60 bpm or less.
Another reason could be increased medication, which is more likely to be the case when older. A sinus bradycardia could appear as a side effect of that medication. Another reason could be increased medication, which is more likely to be the case when older. A sinus bradycardia could appear as a side effect of that medication.
What could be the reason for the more frequent appearance of the sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 than in other older age groups? But what could be the reason for the more frequent appearance of the sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 than in other older age groups?
The lower number of sinus bradycardia cases in older age groups could be due to the increasing mortality with higher ages. People with sinus bradycardia might not reach older ages because of comorbidities and further complications. The lower number of sinus bradycardia cases in older age groups could be due to the increasing mortality with higher ages. People with sinus bradycardia might not reach older ages because of comorbidities and further complications.
Besides that, older people are more likely to receive medical support such as medication and pacemakers which will prevent sinus bradycardia or at least lower its effect. Besides that, older people are more likely to receive medical support such as medication and pacemakers which will prevent sinus bradycardia or at least lower its effect.
The sample size in the study conducted may also play a role in the significance of the frequency. The sample size in the study conducted may also play a role in the significance of the frequency.