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Arman Ulusoy 2024-06-28 13:06:55 +02:00
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@ -165,10 +165,12 @@ The exact procedure for creating the matrix can be found in the notebook [demogr
### Hypotheses ### Hypotheses
(version 03.07.)
The following two hypotheses were applied in this project: The following two hypotheses were applied in this project:
**Hypotheses 1**: **Hypotheses 1**:
1. Using ECG data, a classifier can classify the four diagnostic groupings with an accuracy of at least 80%. 1. Using ECG data, a classifier can classify the four diagnostic groupings with an accuracy of at least 80%.
Result: Result:
@ -178,33 +180,37 @@ The following two hypotheses were applied in this project:
With those Classifiers, the hypothesis can be proven, that a classifier is able to classify the diagnostic Groups with a accuracy of at least 80%. With those Classifiers, the hypothesis can be proven, that a classifier is able to classify the diagnostic Groups with a accuracy of at least 80%.
**Hypotheses 2**: **Hypothesis 2**:
2. Sinus bradycardia occurs significantly more frequently in the 60 to 70 age group than in other age groups. 2. Sinus bradycardia occurs significantly more frequently in the 60 to 70 age group than in other age groups.
Atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter also occurs significantly more frequently in the 70 to 80 age group than in other age groups.<br>
The second hypothesis was tested for significance using the chi-square test. The detailed procedure can be found in the following notebook: [statistics.ipynb](notebooks/statistics.ipynb)
Results:
The second hypothesis was tested for significance using the chi-square test. The detailed procedure can be found in the following notebook: [statistics.ipynb](notebooks/statistics.ipynb) (version 12.06) - The first value returned for both tests is the Chi-Square Statistic (1043.5644539016944) that shows the difference between the observed and the expected frequencies. Here, a bigger number indicates a bigger difference. The p-value shows the probability of this difference being statistically significant. The p-value (4.935370162055676e-205) is below the significance level of 0.05, meaning the difference is significant.
Result: - The Chi-Square Statistic (32.94855579340837) for sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 compared to the other age groups, is a value that shows whether there is a significant difference in the frequency of sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 in comparison to the other age groups. If the p-value (9.463001659861763e-09) is smaller than the significance level of 0.05, the difference in the frequency between the age group 60-70 and the other age groups is significant.
- The first value returned is the Chi-Square Statistic that shows the difference between the observed and the expected frequencies. Here, a bigger number indicates a bigger difference. The p-value shows the probability of this difference being statistically significant. If the p-value is below the significance level of 0.05, the difference is significant.
- The Chi-Square Statistic for sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 compared to the other age groups, is a value that shows whether there is a significant difference in the frequency of sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 in comparison to the other age groups. If the p-value is smaller than the significance level of 0.05, the difference in the frequency between the age group 60-70 and the other age groups is significant.
<br> <br>
The same approach is taken for atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter in the age group of 70-80 compared to the other age groups. the Chi-Square Statistic (120.60329273774582) shows the significant difference in the frequency of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter in the age group 70-80 in comparison to the other age groups. The p-value (4.667227334873944e-28) is smaller than the significance level of 0.05, therefore the difference in the frequency between the age group 70-80 and the other age groups is significant.
<br> <br>
The significant appearance of sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 could be caused by multiple factors.
In this case, the physiological age could play a huge factor. The sinus node continuously generates electrical impulses, thus setting the normal rhythm and rate in a healthy heart. With increasing age, the sinus node becomes less responsive which leads to a slower heart rate of 60 bpm or less.
Another reason could be increased medication, which is more likely to be the case when older. A sinus bradycardia could appear as a side effect of that medication.
<br>(source: https://doi.org/10.1253/jcj.57.760, last visit: 10.06.2024)
<br>(source: https://doi.org/10.7861%2Fclinmed.2022-0431, last visit: 10.06.2024)<br>
<br> <br>
The significant appearance of sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 could be caused by multiple factors. But what could be the reason for the more frequent appearance of the sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 than in other older age groups?
In this case the physiological age could play a huge factor. The sinus node continuously generates electrical impulses, thus setting the normal rhythm and rate in a healthy heart. With increasing age, the sinus node becomes less responsive which leads to a slower heart rate of 60 bpm or less.
Another reason could be increased medication, which is more likely to be the case when older. A sinus bradycardia could appear as a side effect of that medication.
<br>(source: https://doi.org/10.1253/jcj.57.760, last visit: 10.06.2024)
<br>(source: https://doi.org/10.7861%2Fclinmed.2022-0431, last visit: 10.06.2024)
But what could be the reason for the more frequent appearance of the sinus bradycardia in the age group 60-70 than in other older age groups? The lower number of sinus bradycardia cases in older age groups could be due to the increasing mortality with higher ages. People with sinus bradycardia might not reach older ages because of comorbidities and further complications.
Besides that, older people are more likely to receive medical support such as medication and pacemakers which can prevent sinus bradycardia or at least lower its effect.
The lower number of sinus bradycardia cases in older age groups could be due to the increasing mortality with higher ages. People with sinus bradycardia might not reach older ages because of comorbidities and further complications. The higher frequency of older people in the database may lead to a slight bias in the distribution. See also [Demographic Bias](#demographic-bias).<br>
Besides that, older people are more likely to receive medical support such as medication and pacemakers which can prevent sinus bradycardia or at least lower its effect. The sample size in the study conducted may also play a role in the significance of the frequency.
The sample size in the study conducted may also play a role in the significance of the frequency.
The significant appearance of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter in the age group 70-80 could be caused by multiple factors.
The physiological age is the main reason. With increasing age, various age-related changes in the cardiovascular system occur. Older people are more likely to have hypertension. The increased pressure can lead to thickening of the heart walls and a change of the structure, potentially leading to AFIB. Chronic inflammation which is more prevalent in older people, can damage heart tissue and lead to atrial issues. The change of hormone levels when getting older can also have an influence on the heart function and contribute to the development of arrhythmias. Older adults are also more likely to have comorbidities like diabetes, obesity or chronic kidney disease.
<br>(source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5460064/, last visit: 28.06.2024)
### Noise reduction ### Noise reduction
(version 12.06) (version 12.06)